Anti-swelling dual-network zwitterionic hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties for flexible supercapacitors and sensors

A dual-network hydrogel is prepared easily via the polymerization of zwitterions in a polyvinyl alcohol, phytic acid and Li2SO4 solution. The sulphonic acid groups of phytic acid provide transport channels for ions, and Li+ causes the dual chains to cross-link. The hydrogel has high mechanical performance and ionic conductivity, and can be used as a flexible supercapacitor electrolyte and sensor.