Unveiling the pathological functions of SOCS in colorectal cancer: current concepts and future perspectives

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health challenge, marked by increasing incidence and mortality rates in recent years. The pathogenesis of CRC is complex, involving chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, heightened immunoinflammatory responses, and resistance to apoptosis. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, comprised of key negative regulators within cytokine signaling pathways, plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, growth, and metabolic regulation. Deficiencies in various SOCS proteins can trigger the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways, following the binding of cytokines and growth factors to their receptors. Mounting evidence indicates that SOCS proteins are integral to the development and progression of CRC, positioning them as promising targets for novel anticancer therapies. This review delves into the structure, function, and molecular mechanisms of SOCS family members, examining their roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune modulation. Additionally, it explores their potential impact on the regulation of CRC immunotherapy, offering new insights and perspectives that may inform the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for CRC.