ROS Responsive Cerium Oxide Biomimetic Nanoparticles Alleviates Calcium Oxalate Crystals Induced Kidney Injury via Suppressing Oxidative Stress and M1 Macrophage Polarization

Abstract Emerging studies have demonstrated that M1 macrophage polarization and oxidative stress play important roles in calcium oxalate (CaOx) induced kidney injury, which leads to increased crystals deposition. ROS scavenging nanozymes and kidney‐targeted nanoparticles for antioxidant drugs delivery have emerged as an arisen methodology for kidney injury therapy. However, cell membrane biomimetic‐modified nanozymes as anti‐inflammatory drug delivery systems for the treatment of kidney injury is rarely reported. Herein, the ROS responsive red blood cell‐membrane‐coated resatorvid‐loaded cerium oxide nanoparticles (RBCM@CeO 2 /TAK‐242) are constructed to suppress CaOx induced kidney injury and crystals deposition. In vitro, RBCM@CeO 2 /TAK‐242 shows effective internalization by renal tubular epithelial cells, along with demonstrated antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and macrophage reprogramming effects. Glyoxalate(Gly)‐induced renal CaOx crystals mouse model is established, RBCM@CeO 2 /TAK‐242 shows excellent injured kidney targeting and biosafety, and could effectively suppress CaOx induced kidney injury and crystals deposition. RBCM@CeO 2 /TAK‐242 has a dual protective effect by both inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating macrophage polarization in vivo. In addition, RNA seq analysis reveals that RBCM@CeO 2 /TAK‐242 protects against CaOx induced kidney injury via suppressing the TLR4/NF‐κB pathway. This study provides an innovative strategy for RBCM@CeO 2 /TAK‐242 as injured kidney targeting and dual protective effects for the treatment of CaOx induced kidney injury and crystals deposition.