Hybrid self-assembled monolayers enable high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells via interface engineering

Perovskite solar cells face performance limitations from interfacial non-radiative recombination and charge transport losses. Conventional self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) often form micelles in solution, causing poor coverage and inadequate interface control, which degrade device performance. Here, we propose a hybrid SAM using 4PADCB and 5CLBT to suppress molecular aggregation, improve film uniformity, and enhance interfacial interactions. This approach promotes perovskite grain growth, reduces defects, suppresses recombination, and accelerates charge transport. Consequently, the optimized inverted device achieves a peak efficiency of 25.5% with enhanced stability, demonstrating an effective molecular engineering strategy for high-performance photovoltaics.