Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrochemical biosensors for tumor biomarker detection: advances and clinical perspectives

The accurate detection of tumor biomarkers is a critical prerequisite for early cancer diagnosis and personalized therapy. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as advanced materials for constructing high-performance electrochemical biosensors, owing to their unique advantages such as ultra-high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, and versatile functionalization. In this review article, we systematically elaborate on the multifunctional roles of MOFs in the design of electrochemical biosensors. Specifically, MOFs can serve as efficient solid matrices to significantly enhance the loading capacity of recognition probes. They can also act as ideal nanocarriers to enrich abundant electroactive molecules or signal tags for cascade signal amplification, while the inherent biomimetic catalytic activity of specific MOFs allows them to directly generate robust electrochemical responses. Furthermore, we have comprehensively discussed the latest research progress and preclinical application status of MOF-based sensing platforms in detecting biomarkers across different types of tumors. The current challenges and future prospects of translating these biosensing technologies from laboratory research to clinical applications are also discussed, aiming to accelerate progress in precision diagnostics and human health.