Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases: A Mendelian randomization study

Background Evidence suggests that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the results are inconsistent, and the causality remains to be established. Objective We aimed to investigate the potential causal relationship between NAFLD and CVDs, including arterial stiffness, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, ischemic stroke and its subtypes using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods Genetic instruments were used as proxies for NAFLD. Publicly available summary-level data were obtained from the UK Biobank, the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, the MEGASTROKE Consortium, and other consortia. Six complementary MR methods were performed, including inverse variance weighted method (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, MR-PRESSO, and MR-RAPS. Results NAFLD was significantly associated with arterial stiffness (β = 0.04 [95%CI, 0.02–0.06], P = 5.53E-04). Moreover, the results remained consistent and robust in the sensitivity analysis. As for heart failure, the IVW method suggested that NAFLD was significantly associated with heart failure (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02–1.14, P = 0.005) in the absence of pleiotropy. However, there were no significant associations of NAFLD with coronary artery disease, stroke, ischemic stroke, or any ischemic stroke subtype. Conclusion The MR study supported the causal effect of NAFLD on arterial stiffness. However, the study did not provide enough evidence suggesting the causal associations of NAFLD with heart failure, coronary artery disease, and any stroke subtypes.