Nanozyme enhanced paper-based biochip with a smartphone readout system for rapid detection of cyanotoxins in water

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in freshwater systems can produce cyanotoxins, such as microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs), presenting serious threats to human health and ecosystems. Required routine monitoring of cyanotoxins in water samples, as posed by U.S. EPA drinking water contaminant candidate list 5 (CCL5), demands for cost-effective, reliable and sensitive MCs/NODs detection methods. We report the development of a colorimetric paper-based immunochip assisted by nanozyme catalysis with a smartphone readout system for rapid detection of cyanotoxins in water. We show that the introduction of biorthogonal click reaction enables in situ facile self-assembly of multi-layers of peroxidase-like nanozyme onto the anti-MCs/NODs monoclonal antibody. We can detect 13 variants of MCs/NODs even in the sub-microgram per liter range with detection limit of below 0.7 μg/L and satisfactory recovery percentages between 88 and 120% in different water matrices. Our technology shows a good correlation with the well-developed ELISA technology, demonstrating its great potential applications in resource-limited or less-developed regions for on-site and large-scale screening of cyanotoxins in water environment.