Degradation Behavior of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Calendar Ageing—The Case of the Internal Resistance Increase

Lithium-ion batteries are regarded as the key energy storage technology for both e-mobility and stationary renewable energy storage applications. Nevertheless, Lithium-ion batteries are complex energy storage devices, which are characterized by a complex degradation behavior, which affects both their capacity and internal resistance. This paper investigates, based on extended laboratory calendar ageing tests, the degradation of the internal resistance of a lithium-ion battery. The dependence of the internal resistance increase on the temperature and state-of-charge level has been extensive studied and quantified. Based on the obtained laboratory results, an accurate semiempirical lifetime model, which is able to predict with high accuracy the internal resistance increase of the lithium-ion battery over a wide temperature range and for all state-of-charge levels, was proposed and validated.