Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease

The extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates many cellular functions, and its remodelling by enzymes such as metalloproteinases has a crucial role during development, as exemplified by intestinal, lung, mammary gland and submandibular gland morphogenesis. ECM structure and composition are important therapeutic targets, as their dysregulation contributes to conditions such as fibrosis and invasive cancer. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that is present in all tissues and continuously undergoes controlled remodelling. This process involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the ECM, mediated by specific enzymes that are responsible for ECM degradation, such as metalloproteinases. The ECM interacts with cells to regulate diverse functions, including proliferation, migration and differentiation. ECM remodelling is crucial for regulating the morphogenesis of the intestine and lungs, as well as of the mammary and submandibular glands. Dysregulation of ECM composition, structure, stiffness and abundance contributes to several pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and invasive cancer. A better understanding of how the ECM regulates organ structure and function and of how ECM remodelling affects disease progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics.