The development of pedagogical-content knowledge : two case studies of exemplary general music teachers /

A M odel o f P edagogical R easoning and A ction ; shuiman Comprehension Of purposes, subject mailer structures, ideas within and outside the discipline Transformation Preparation: critical interpretation and analysis o f texts, structuring and segm enting, developm ent o f a curricular repertoire, and clarification o f purposes Representation; use o f a representational repertoire which includes analogies, metaphors, exam ples, demonstrations, explanations, and so forth Selection: choice from among an instructional repertoire which includes m odes o f teaching, organizing, m anaging and arranging Adaptation and Tailoring to Student Characteristics: consideration o f conceptions, preconceptions, m isconceptions, and d ifficu lties, language, culture, and motivations, social class, gender, age, ability, aptitude, interest, self concepts, and attention Instruction M anagem ent, presentations, interactions, group work, d iscipline, humor, instruction, and the observable forms o f classroom teaching Evaluation C hecking for student understanding during interactive teaching Testing student understanding at the end o f lessons or units Evaluating one's own performance, and adjusting for experiences Reflection R ev iew in g, reconstructing, reenacting and critically analyzing one's ow n and the class's performance, and grounding explanations in evid en ce New Comprehensions Of purposes, subject matter, students, teaching, and self C onsolidation o f new understandings, and learnings from experience Shulman (1987.p. 15)