Lipin‐1 regulation of phospholipid synthesis maintains endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and is critical for triple‐negative breast cancer cell survival

ABSTRACT Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to increase the synthesis of macromolecules for rapid proliferation. Compared to fatty acids, much less is known about the synthesis of phospholipids, which is essential for membrane biogenesis in cancer cells. We found that LPIN1 , which encodes lipin‐1, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) controlling the rate‐limiting step in the phospholipid synthesis pathway, is highly up‐regulated in basal‐like triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Moreover, high LPIN1 expression correlates with the poor prognosis of these patients. Knockdown of LPIN1 increases apoptosis in basal‐like TNBC cell lines, whereas it has minimal or less effect on normal human mammary gland epithelial cells (HMECs) and estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer cell lines. Fatty acid incorporation and lipidomics analyses showed that LPIN1 knockdown blocks phospholipid synthesis and changes membrane lipid compositions that ultimately induce the activation of 1 of the 3 branches of unfolded protein responses, the inositol‐requiring enzyme‐1α pathway. We also show for the first time, to our knowledge, that lipin‐1 knockdown significantly inhibits tumor growth in vivo using an orthotopic xenograft breast mouse model. Our results suggest that lipin‐1 is a potential target for cancer therapy.—He, J., Zhang, F., Tay, L. W. R., Boroda, S., Nian, W., Levental, K. R., Levental, I., Harris, T. E., Chang, J. T., Du, G. Lipin‐1 regulation of phospholipid synthesis maintains endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and is critical for triple‐negative breast cancer cell survival. FASEB J. 31, 2893–2904 (2017). www.fasebj.org