Peripheral myelin: From development to maintenance

Abstract Peripheral myelin is synthesized by glial cells called Schwann cells (SCs). SC development and differentiation must be tightly regulated to avoid any pathological consequence affecting peripheral nerve function. Neuropathic symptoms can arise from developmental issues in SCs, as well as in adult life through processes affecting mature SCs. In this review we focus on SC differentiation from the immature towards the myelinating and non‐myelinating SC stages, defining molecular mechanisms outlining radial sorting, a multi‐stepped event essential for immature SC differentiation and myelination. We also describe mechanisms regulating myelin sheath maintenance and SC homeostasis during aging. Finally, we will conclude with some remaining questions in the field of SC biology. image