Research advances of nanoparticles for CAR-T therapy in solid tumors

As one of the most promising adoptive T-cell therapies, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has acquired Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for a variety of products and has been used successfully in the treatment of malignant hematological tumors. CAR-T therapy, on the other hand, faces a number of obstacles in the field of solid tumor therapy that limit its widespread clinical implementation. Significant advances in nanoparticle research in cancer therapy and immunotherapy have been made in recent years, providing novel strategies to address the challenges encountered by CAR-T therapy in the treatment of solid tumors. This review commences with a comprehensive explanation of the basic framework of CAR-T therapy as well as the challenges it faces in the treatment of solid tumors. Subsequently, we encapsulate a summary of the developmental research combining nanoparticles with CAR-T cells for the treatment of solid tumors, which includes gene transfection, cell activation and expansion, targeted infiltration, immune escape inhibition, and combination with other therapies. Coupled with the overview of the research progress, a discussion has been initiated on the challenges and perspectives of CAR-T based on nanoparticles.