Grain proteins ameliorate glucose metabolism disorders by activating intestinal AhR and the hepatic NLK/FOXO1 pathway via gut microbiota-derived indole metabolites

Grain proteins alleviate glucose metabolic disorders by enriching gut microbiota-derived indole metabolites, which improve intestinal homeostasis and inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis through AhR and NLK/FOXO1 signaling. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of grain proteins for T2D prevention and management.