A Theoretical Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Approach to Ascertain Covariates Explaining the Large Interpatient Variability in Tacrolimus Disposition

Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic ( PBPK ) modeling allows assessment of the covariates contributing to the large pharmacokinetic ( PK ) variability of tacrolimus; these include multiple physiological and biochemical differences among patients. A PBPK model of tacrolimus was developed, including a virtual population with physiological parameter distributions reflecting renal transplant patients. The ratios of predicted to observed dose‐normalized maximum plasma concentration (C max ), 0–12‐hour area under the concentration–time curve ( AUC 0–12 hour ), and trough plasma concentration (C trough ) ranged from 0.92‐fold to 1.15‐fold, indicating good predictive performance. The model quantitatively indicated the impact of cytochrome P450 ( CYP )3A4 abundance, hematocrit, and serum albumin levels, in addition to CYP 3A5 genotype status, on tacrolimus PK and associated variability. Age‐dependent change in tacrolimus trough concentration in pediatric patients was mainly attributed to the CYP 3A ontogeny profile. This study demonstrates the utility of PBPK modeling as a tool for mechanistic and quantitative assessment of the impact of patient physiological differences on observed large PK variability.