Janus Gradient Porous Membranes with Switchable Radiative Cooling and Solar Heating for Building Thermal Management

). The Janus gradient porous membrane (JGPM) supports direct surface application with excellent mechanical robustness and strong component adhesion. Architectural prototype testing confirms the membrane's seasonal adaptability, demonstrating temperature reductions of 5.7 °C under high-temperature conditions and temperature increases of 10.3 °C in cool climates. The reliable performance across diverse environmental conditions underscores the potential of JGPM as a transformative solution for adaptive building thermal management.