Evidence from Liao dynasty tombs: an empirical analysis of song greenish-white porcelain trade

This study analyzes 16 pieces of greenish-white porcelain unearthed from the Hongjiajie cemetery, the family burial site of Han Derang of the Liao Dynasty in Beizhen, Liaoning. Using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), the chemical compositions of the bodies and glazes were examined. The results show a high-silica, low-alumina profile typical of southern Chinese kilns and strong compositional similarity with the Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen. The glazes are calcium-based, and their MnO and P2O5 features correspond to Northern Song Hutian greenish-white ware. Trace and rare earth element patterns further confirm the Hutian provenance. Synthesizing analytical, historical, and archaeological evidence, the study suggests these ceramics reached the Liao realm via maritime trade, reflecting the close economic and cultural exchanges between northern and southern China during the mid-to-late Liao period.