Visualization of dynamic evolution processes

Understanding the multiscale dynamic evolution of energy materials under working conditions is essential for clarifying fundamental mechanisms, designing high-performance materials, and advancing dynamic-evolution-based research. In-situ and operando imaging allow the study of material dynamics to progress from indirect mechanistic inference to spatially resolved visual validation, providing direct evidence for investigating where dynamic evolution begins, how it propagates, and how it influences material performance. This review offers a comprehensive, mechanism-focused summary of in-situ and operando imaging applications in revealing the dynamic structural, chemical, and interfacial evolution of materials. It organizes recent advances by representative dynamic evolution behaviors and outlines emerging opportunities to enhance mechanism understanding and materials design through visualized dynamic evidence. Finally, the review discusses future prospects and key challenges in dynamic-evolution-guided materials research, offering guidance for integrating in-situ imaging, working-state identification, and rational materials design.