Tailoring LiPF 6 -based electrolyte solvation structures via solvent regulation strategies for low-temperature lithium metal batteries

at 0.2C and retain over 80% capacity after 200 cycles at 25 °C. Even at -30 °C, the cells maintain 58% capacity retention after 100 cycles. This work highlights the interplay between solvation chemistry, SEI composition, and interfacial ion transport, offering a viable design paradigm for high-performance carbonate electrolytes in low-temperature LMBs.