Spleen-targeted neoantigen mRNA vaccine induces ISG15+ CD8+ T cell-mediated tertiary lymphoid structure formation in hepatocellular carcinoma

T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which is also confirmed in HCC patients. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the potent antitumor efficacy of spleen-targeted mRNA vaccine and reveal its underlying immune cell interactive mechanisms, presenting high potential for clinical translation.