NIMO Controller: a self-driving laboratory orchestrator based on the Model Context Protocol

Self-driving laboratories (SDLs) are attracting increasing attention as a means of accelerating scientific discovery; however, developing SDL software remains technically demanding. To improve accessibility, orchestration software frameworks have been proposed to coordinate SDL components, but many existing frameworks are primarily designed for human interaction and lack standardized interfaces for direct integration with AI agents. In this work, we propose an SDL software architecture based on the Model Context Protocol (MCP), in which all SDL functionalities are exposed through MCP servers. Following this design principle, we introduce NIMO Controller, an MCP-based SDL orchestrator that integrates the experimental planning software NIMO. It provides a visual programming interface automatically generated through MCP-based tool discovery, allowing human users to design experimental workflows without writing code. The same MCP backend is also accessible to AI agents, providing a unified interface through which both human users and AI agents can interact with SDL components. AI agents can invoke MCP tools directly or generate NIMO workflows from natural language instructions. We evaluated the agentic workflow generation performance of various LLMs and conducted a user study using a color-matching SDL.