Pressure-Assisted Space-Confinement Strategy to Eliminate PbI2 in Perovskite Layers toward Improved Operational Stability

The existence of the PbI₂ phase in the perovskite film is normally inevitable because of the easy sublimation of the organic component during the crystallization process under a relatively high annealing temperature. However, excess PbI₂ will cause significant degradation on open current voltage (V_OC) and fill factor (FF) under continuous illumination. Here, we developed a pressure-assisted space-confinement (PASC) method to enhance the phase purity of the perovskite film fabricated by the two-step spin-coating method. It was found that high pressure is more conductive to lower the sublimation rate of the organic units, and the space confinement is more favorable for the Ostwald ripening. The combination of them can easily fabricate high-quality perovskite films with large crystal grains and eliminated PbI₂ remnants. As expected, the efficiency of the solar cell was improved from 20.38 to 22.26%; more importantly, the operational stability of the corresponding device had a pronounced improvement, which remains over 85% of its initial efficiency after 500 h maximum power point tracking measurement. Based on this PASC method, a prototype PSC module (PSM) with an active area of 14 cm² was also fabricated reaching an efficiency over 17%.