Recent progress in biomaterials-driven ferroptosis for cancer therapy

Ferroptosis, first suggested in 2012, is a type of non-apoptotic programmed cell death caused by the buildup of lipid peroxidation and marked by an overabundance of oxidized poly unsaturated fatty acids. During the last decade, researchers have uncovered the formation of ferroptosis and created multiple drugs aimed at it, but due to poor selectivity and pharmacokinetics, clinical application has been hindered. In recent years, biomedical discoveries and developments in nanotechnology have spurred the investigation of ferroptosis nanomaterials, providing new opportunities for the ferroptosis driven tumours treatment. Additionally, hydrogels have been widely studied in ferroptosis because of their unique 3D structure and excellent controllability. By using these biomaterials, it is possible to achieve controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs, thus increasing the potency of the drugs and minimizing adverse effects. Therefore, summarizing the biomedical nanomaterials, including hydrogels, used in ferroptosis for cancer therapy is a must. This article provides an overview of ferroptosis, detailing its properties and underlying mechanisms. It also categorizes and reviews the use of various nanomaterials in ferroptosis, along with relevant explanations and illustrations. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges facing the application of nanomaterials in ferroptosis. Finally, the development prospects of this field are prospected. This review is intended to provide a foundation for the development and application of biomedical nanomaterials in ferroptosis.