Half of all surgical patients receiving anesthesia are females. Anesthetics affect sexually dimorphic brain regions involved in sleep and arousal. Yet, sex differences and the effects of sex hormones on anesthetic sensitivity have not been ...General anesthesia—a pharmacologically induced reversible state of unconsciousness—enables millions of life-saving procedures. Anesthetics induce unconsciousness in part by impinging upon sexually dimorphic and hormonally sensitive hypothalamic circuits ...