A Systematic Study of Electrolyte Sulfonate Additives for All-Vanadium Flow Batteries

A sulfonate additive featuring an optimal ligand significantly enhances the high-and low-temperature stability of the electrolyte. Through the synergistic effect of morpholine and sulfonic groups, the utilization rate of vanadium ions is remarkably increased by 23.3% after 100 cycles. This finding offers crucial insights for the development of low-cost and widely applicable vanadium-based flow batteries.