Small molecular fluorescent probes featuring protein-assisted functional amplification for improved biosensing and cancer therapeutics

In recent years, small molecular fluorescent probes have significantly advanced biosensing and cancer therapy, enabling applications such as target detection, cellular imaging, fluorescence-guided surgery, and phototherapy. However, conventional small molecular probes face limitations, including low biocompatibility, poor stability, and weak signal intensity. Protein-coordinated fluorescent probes have emerged as a promising solution, leveraging protein-assisted functional amplification to address these challenges. Mechanisms such as environmental shielding, conformational restriction, charge stabilization, and increased local concentration collectively enhance fluorescence emission and phototherapeutic efficacy. This article reviews recent progress (primarily within the last five years) in protein-coordinated fluorescent probes for biosensing and cancer therapy. It begins with a systematic summary of the interaction strategies between proteins and fluorescent probes and details key mechanisms behind protein-assisted functional amplification. Subsequently, the applications of these probes in biosensing and cancer therapy are comprehensively concluded. Finally, current challenges and future prospects are discussed in depth. This review aims to refine design strategies for protein-coordinated fluorescent probes and inspire innovative approaches in biosensing and cancer therapy.