A Multidirectional Piezoelectric–Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester for Sustainable Power Generation in Dynamic Environments

With the growing demand for self-powered sensing in wireless sensor networks and IoT applications, vibration energy harvesting has become a key solution for sustainable power generation. This study proposes a multidirectional piezoelectric-electromagnetic vibration energy harvester capable of capturing energy from multiple directions (MD-PEVEH). The MD-PEVEH adopts a pendulum structure to improve the multidirectional adaptability of the harvester and also integrates an electromagnetic module and a piezoelectric module. The effective use of electromagnetic induction and piezoelectric effect improves the overall output power and output stability of the harvester. Experimental results show that at 8.5 Hz, the MD-PEVEH achieves a maximum output power of 6.99 mW, with power fluctuations within 5% across different excitation angles. Capacitor charging tests confirm its energy storage capability, reaching 20 V in 13 s (10 μF), 40 s (47 μF), and 59 s (100 μF). Practical tests demonstrate its ability to power 250 LEDs, a temperature sensor, and a wireless transmitter module. The findings highlight the MD-PEVEH's multidirectional adaptability and stable power output, making it a promising solution for sustainable energy harvesting. Future work will focus on optimizing structural parameters, improving energy density, and evaluating long-term performance in real-world applications.