Materials strategy and device fabrication for stable closed-loop bioelectronics

Advances in soft bioelectronics are crucial for personalized diagnostics and therapeutics, offering seamless integration with tissues through conformal, modulus-adaptive designs. This review highlights materials, fabrication strategies, and closed-loop systems enabling wearable, implantable, and injectable devices with strong adhesion, mechanical matching, and broad signal acquisition. These innovations support stable tissue-device interfaces, driving the future of personalized healthcare.