Carbon dots endow glucose oxidase with autocatalytic features and anti-poisoning ability

-scavenging capability and oxygen regeneration, establishing a positive feedback loop. More importantly, this nanomaterial-enzyme hybrid extends to both electrochemical systems and immobilized platforms while maintaining beneficial effects. These insights into nanomaterial-enhanced enzyme kinetics establish a translatable platform from basic mechanisms to real-world applications, enabling novel approaches for tailored enzyme modifications and biocatalytic processes.