In vivo absorption and excretion in rats and in vitro digestion and fermentation by the human intestinal microbiota of 2- O -β- d -glucopyranosyl- l -ascorbic acid from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L

-butyric acid. Therefore, the study on the absorption, excretion, and regulatory effects of AA-2βG on the gut microbiota supported its potential development as a functional food additive to enhance intestinal health and prevent diseases.