Controlled polymerization for lithium-ion batteries

Soaring energy demand and price make rechargeable batteries dominate the surging market. Lithium-ion batteries extensively apply liquid electrolytes because of their high ionic conductivity and low interface resistance with electrodes. Still, safety remains a challenge. However, solid-state polymer electrolytes have received tremendous attention and are considered a potential candidate for delivering highly stable-energy-density storage systems. Here, we elucidate the recent advancements and investigate the trend in controlled-polymerization processes closely following energy storage devices. We emphasize the initiators, charge transfer agents, and the controlled-polymerization techniques for designing versatile macromolecules. We examine the necessary processing condition and the factors affecting solid polymer electrolytes' Li-diffusion, structural, thermal, robustness and ion transport properties. We have provided an in-depth understanding of how a smart energy device can overcome challenges, including stability, cost, and safety issues. Furthermore, we have shown future directions with potential improvement strategies for scaling the process towards the production line.