生物
细菌
微生物学
细胞壁
分枝杆菌
核酸
新生隐球菌
微生物
结核分枝杆菌
细胞外
肺结核
细胞生物学
生物化学
遗传学
医学
病理
作者
Lisa Brown,Julie M. Wolf,Rafael Prados-Rosales,Arturo Casadevall
摘要
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all domains of life. In Gram-negative bacteria, EVs are produced by the pinching off of the outer membrane; however, how EVs escape the thick cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi is still unknown. Nonetheless, EVs have been described in a variety of cell-walled organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cryptococcus neoformans. These EVs contain varied cargo, including nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins and enzymes, and have important roles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis. In this Review, we describe the current status of vesiculogenesis research in thick-walled microorganisms and discuss the cargo and functions associated with EVs in these species.
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