First-Principles Study of the Role of Interconversion Between NO2, N2O4, cis-ONO-NO2, and trans-ONO-NO2 in Chemical Processes

Experimental results, such as NO2 hydrolysis and the hypergolicity of hydrazine/nitrogen tetroxide pair, have been interpreted in terms of NO2 dimers. Such interpretations are complicated by the possibility of several forms for the dimer: symmetric N2O4, cis-ONO-NO2, and trans-ONO-NO2. Quantum mechanical (QM) studies of these systems are complicated by the large resonance energy in NO2 which changes differently for each dimer and changes dramatically as bonds are formed and broken. As a result, none of the standard methods for QM are uniformly reliable. We report here studies of these systems using density functional theory (B3LYP) and several ab initio methods (MP2, CCSD(T), and GVB-RCI). At RCCSD(T)/CBS level, the enthalpic barrier to form cis-ONO-NO2 is 1.9 kcal/mol, whereas the enthalpic barrier to form trans-ONO-NO2 is 13.2 kcal/mol, in agreement with the GVB-RCI result. However, to form symmetric N2O4, RCCSD(T) gives an unphysical barrier due to the wrong asymptotic behavior of its reference function at the dissociation limit, whereas GVB-RCI shows no barrier for such a recombination. The difference of barrier heights in these three recombination reactions can be rationalized in terms of the amount of B2 excitation involved in the bond formation process. We find that the enthalpic barrier for N2O4 isomerizing to trans-ONO-NO2 is 43.9 kcal/mol, ruling out the possibility of such an isomerization playing a significant role in gas-phase hydrolysis of NO2. A much more favored path is to form cis-ONO-NO2 first then convert to trans-ONO-NO2 with a 2.4 kcal/mol enthalpic barrier. We also propose that the isotopic oxygen exchange in NO2 gas is possibly via the formation of trans-ONO-NO2 followed by ON(+) migration.