Extracellular Matrix Signaling Cues: Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, three-dimensional network that provides structural support and regulates key biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and signal transduction. Its mechanical properties, such as stiffness, topology, and viscoelasticity, are crucial in normal and pathological conditions, influencing cell behavior through mechanotransduction pathways. Dysregulation of ECM is linked to various diseases, making a thorough understanding of its composition and properties essential. This review discusses ECM composition, physical properties, and the limitations of in vitro ECM models. It highlights the role of ECM in tissue homeostasis, particularly in regulating cell behavior via mechanotransduction, focusing on force-sensitive sensors like integrins, Piezo1, TRPV4, and YAP/TAZ. Additionally, the review explores ECM remodeling in cancer, fibrosis, and cardiovascular diseases, along with current therapeutic strategies targeting ECM components, such as nanotechnology-based therapies, small molecule inhibitors, and CAF-targeted therapies. Challenges and clinical applications of these therapies are also discussed. Finally, the review looks ahead to future research, emphasizing the integration of ECM-targeted therapies in precision medicine and novel approaches to normalizing ECM composition and structure for therapeutic benefits. This review provides mechanobiological insights into therapeutic strategies targeting the ECM.