Advances in diffractive liquid crystal grating devices using patterned electrodes

Optics has advanced through centuries of research into the fundamental properties of light and its interactions with matter. Within this rich history, one optical component stands out: the diffraction grating. Liquid crystals (LCs) have emerged as promising candidates in diffraction gratings. LCs are versatile and adaptable materials influenced by various external factors. Diffractive LC grating devices can be produced through methods such as photo alignment, using polymer walls, or employing patterned electrodes. However, photo alignment poses challenges in terms of manufacturing complexity, and using polymer walls is associated with some drawbacks, such as high driving voltage and slower response times, which must be considered in their application. Currently, research efforts are predominantly focused on manufacturing techniques involving patterned electrodes. In this review, we comprehensively explored the theoretical foundations underpinning diffraction gratings. Additionally, we summarized research on diffractive gratings based on LC using patterned electrodes and conducted a comparative analysis of the characteristics of each device.