Ultra-high Efficiency Electro-optic Modulator on Thin-film Lithium Niobate

We propose a thin-film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with ultra-high modulation efficiency by incorporating optical isolation trenches, which enables closer electrode placement and situates the optical waveguide within a more potent electric field. The proposed modulator achieves a record 1.2 V$\cdot$ cm efficiency while maintaining a wide electro-optic bandwidth.