Bioactive peptides in hydrolysates of bovine and camel milk proteins: A review of studies on peptides that reduce blood pressure, improve glucose homeostasis, and inhibit pathogen adhesion

The prevalence of diet-related chronic conditions including hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus has increased worldwide. Research regarding the use of food-derived bioactive peptides as an alternative strategy to mitigate chronic diseases is on the rise. Milk is recognized as one of the main dietary protein sources for health beneficial bioactive compounds. Hundreds of in vitro studies have suggested that milk-derived bioactive peptides offer multiple biological and physiological benefits, and some but not all were confirmed in vivo with animal models for hypertension, hyperglycemia, and pathogen adhesion. However, only a limited number of health benefits have been confirmed by randomized clinical trials. This review provides an overview of the current clinical studies that target hypertension, postprandial hyperglycemic, and adhesion of enteric pathogen with bioactive peptides derived from bovine and camel milk, with a focus on the factors affecting the efficacy of orally ingested products.