Single‐cell RNA sequencing of a poorly metastatic melanoma cell line and its subclones with high lung and brain metastasis potential reveals gene expression signature of metastasis with prognostic implication

Abstract The molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to delineate the mechanisms underlying gene expression alterations during metastatic potential acquisition and characterize the metastatic subclones within primary cell lines. We performed single‐cell RNA sequencing of a poorly metastatic melanoma cell line (WM239A) and its subclones with high metastatic potential to the lung (113/6‐4L) and the brain (131/4‐5B1 and 131/4‐5B2). Unsupervised clustering of 8173 melanoma cells identified three distinct clusters according to cell type (‘Primary’, ‘Lung’ and ‘Brain’ clusters) with differential expression of MITF and AXL pathways and putative cancer and cell cycle drivers, with the lung cluster expressing intermediate but distinct gene profiles between primary and brain clusters. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that PC2 (the second PC), which was positively associated with MITF expression and negatively with AXL pathways, primarily segregated cell types, in addition to PC1 of the cell cycle pathway. Pseudotime trajectory and RNA velocity analyses suggested the existence of cellular subsets with metastatic potential in the Primary cluster and an association between PC2 signature alteration and metastasis potential acquisition. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma samples by clustering into PC2‐high and ‐low clusters by quartiles of PC2 signature expression revealed that the PC2‐high cluster was an independent significant factor for poor prognosis ( p ‐value = 0.003) with distinct genomic and transcriptomic characteristics, compared to the PC2‐low cluster. In conclusion, we identified signatures of melanoma metastasis with prognostic significance and putative pro‐metastatic subclones within a primary cell line.