Physiology‐Inspired Multilayer Nanofibrous Membranes Modulating Endogenous Stem Cell Recruitment and Osteo‐Differentiation for Staged Bone Regeneration

Bone regeneration involves a cascade of sophisticated, multiple-staged cellular and molecular events, where early-phase stem cell recruitment mediated by chemokines and late-phase osteo-differentiation induced by pro-osteogenic factors play the crucial roles. Herein, enlightened by a bone physiological and regenerative mechanism, the multilayer nanofibrous membranes (PLLA@SDF-1α@MT01) consisting of PLLA/MT01 micro-sol electrospun nanofibers as intima and PLLA/PEG/SDF-1α electrospun nanofibers as adventitia are fabricated through micro-sol electrospinning and manual multi-layer stacking technologies. In vitro releasing profiles show that PLLA@SDF-1α@MT01 represents the rapid release of stromal cell-derived SDF-1α (SDF-1α) in the outer layers, while with long-term sustained release of MT01 in the inner layer. Owing to interconnected porosity like the natural bone extracellular matrix and improved hydrophilia, PLLA@SDF-1α@MT01 manifests good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PLLA@SDF-1α@MT01 can promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) migration by amplifying the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and stimulating BMSCs osteo-differentiation via activating the MAPK pathway in vitro. PLLA@SDF-1α@MT01, with a programmed dual-delivery system, exhibits the synergetic promotion of bone regeneration and vascularization by emulating key characteristics of the staged bone repair in vivo. Overall, PLLA@SDF-1α@MT01 that mimics the endogenous cascades of bone regeneration can enrich the physiology-mimetic staged regenerative strategy and represent a promising tissue-engineered scaffold for the bone defect.