Enhanced stimuli-responsive phase change gels through pickling-enabled ion permeation

). The supercooling behavior of hydrated salts enables a haptic/temperature-triggered reversible transition between soft and rigid states. These PCGs exhibit outstanding deicing performance at low temperatures and excellent thermal management potential by effectively controlling the phase transition among melting, supercooling, and crystallization states. Furthermore, this approach is robust, cost-effective, and easily scalable, opening new possibilities for further thermal management.