Enhancing the safety and sustainability of aging jacket-type offshore wind turbines in extreme weather conditions through digital healthcare engineering: a literature review

Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) empoly various foundation types, among which Jacket-type offshore wind turbines (JOWTs) are often used in shallow waters with challenging soil conditions due to their lattice framework foundations and multiple anchoring points. However, prolonged exposure to harsh marine environments (e.g. storms) and age-related degradation issues like corrosion, fatigue cracking, and mechanical damage increases failure risks. To address these issues, this paper introduces a Digital Healthcare Engineering (DHE) framework, which provides a proactive strategy for enhancing the safety and sustainability of JOWTs: (1) Real-time health monitoring using IoT; (2) Data transmission via advanced communication technologies; (3) Analytics and simulations using digital twins; (4) AI-powered diagnostics and recommendations; as well as (5) Predictive analysis for maintenance planning. The paper reviews recent technological advances that support each DHE module, assesses the framework’s feasibility. Additionally, a prototype DHE system is proposed to enable continuous, early fault detection, and health assessment.