Internal revenue sharing methodology for virtual power plant clusters considering carbon incentive and penalty mechanisms

With the rapid development of renewable energy and the urgent need for global carbon emission reduction, virtual power plants have become a high-profile energy management model that can integrate multiple energy resources. How to effectively integrate renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions, how to optimize the use of different energy resources, and how to fairly distribute economic benefits within virtual power plant clusters while encouraging the reduction of carbon emissions are issues that need to be addressed in research. The study first established a virtual power plant model and conducted in-depth optimization for its economic and environmental indicators. Subsequently, the study constructed a game model within the virtual power plant cluster, aiming to solve the problem of income distribution in this diversified energy system. The research results found that commercial users have the highest carbon emissions, followed by industrial users, while residential users have the lowest carbon emissions. In terms of optimized user electricity consumption behavior, the peak-to-valley difference rate of industrial users has been reduced by 17%, and the daily load rate has increased by 6%; the peak-to-valley difference rate of commercial users has been reduced by 12%, and the daily load rate has increased by 6%; The peak-to-trough difference rate for residential users decreased by 8%, and the daily load rate increased by 4%. In addition, the research also proposes a method of internal revenue distribution of virtual power plant clusters based on a carbon reward and punishment mechanism, which provides a new way for the synergy effects and economic benefit distribution of virtual power plants. Research is of positive significance in solving pressing issues in the field of energy management and provides strong support for the development of future sustainable energy systems.