Life cycle assessment on environmental feasibility of microalgae-based wastewater treatment for shrimp recirculating aquaculture systems

This life cycle assessment (LCA) study analyzed the environmental consequences of integrating microalgae-based wastewater treatment into a shrimp farm with recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Microalgae treatment produced <10 % of the system's freshwater eutrophication potential (FEP), marine eutrophication potential (MEP) and global warming potential, which was dominantly contributed by electricity use. Microalgae treatment performed comparably to activated sludge treatment for FEP reduction, and was more effective in remediating marine eutrophication. Replacing coal in electricity mix, particularly with renewables, reduced the system's impacts by up to 90-99 %. Performing the LCA based on system expansion generally obtained higher impacts compared to allocation. Utilizing algal biomass for biogas production reduced the MEP; however, production of feed ingredient and biodiesel were not environmentally beneficial. This study proved the use of microalgae for aquaculture wastewater treatment to be environmentally feasible, the results can guide more sustainable RAS operations and design of full-scale microalgae treatment.