AI-enabled language models (LMs) to large language models (LLMs) and multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in drug discovery and development

The review provides an overview of the LLMs and their current state-of-the-art application in structure-based drug molecule design and de novo drug design. The different applications of AI-enabled LLMshave been illustrated, such as drug target identification, validation, interaction, and ADME/ADMET. Several domain-specific models of LLMs are developed in this direction and applied in drug discovery and development to speed up the process. We discussed all these domain-specific models of LLMs and their applications in this field. Finally, we illustrated the challenges and future perspectives on the applications of AI-enabled LLMs in drug discovery and development.