Direct and Water-Mediated Adsorption of Stabilizers on SERS-Active Colloidal Bimetallic Plasmonic Nanomaterials: Insight into Citrate–AuAg Interactions from DFT Calculations

In previous studies, AuAg colloidal nanostar formulations were developed with the two-fold aim of producing optimized surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates and investigating the nature of the capping process itself. Findings demonstrated that the nanoparticle metals are alloyed and neutral, and capping by stabilizers occurs via chemisorption. This study utilizes citrate as the model stabilizer and investigates the mechanistic aspects of its interaction with mono- (Au20) and bimetallic (Au19Ag) surfaces by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Citrate was modeled according to the colloid's pH and surrounded by a water and sodium first solvation shell. A population of stable cluster-citrate structures was obtained, and energies were refined at the uB3LYP//LANL2TZ(f)/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Solvation was accounted for both explicitly and implicitly by the application of the continuum model SMD. Results indicate that both direct binding and binding by water proxy through the charge-transfer complex formation are thermodynamically favorable. Water participation in citrate adsorption is supported by the adsorption behavior observed experimentally and the comparison between experimental and DFT-simulated IR spectra. Vibrational mode analysis suggests the possible presence of water within a crystal in dried nanostar residues. All ΔGads(aq) indicate a weak chemisorptive process, leading to the hypothesis that citrate could be displaced by analytes during SERS measurements.