Potentials of C‐C motif chemokine 2–C‐C chemokine receptor type 2 blockers including propagermanium as anticancer agents

Abstract Inflammation plays an essential role in the development and progression of most cancers. Chemokine C‐C motif chemokine 2 ( CCL 2) and its receptor C‐C chemokine receptor type 2 ( CCR 2) constitute a key signaling axis in inflammation that has recently attracted much interest on the basis of evidence showing its association with cancer progression. Propagermanium (3‐oxygermylpropionic acid polymer) is an organogermanium compound that is given for the treatment of hepatitis B in Japan and which inhibits the CCL 2‐ CCR 2 signaling pathway. Herein, we review the importance of the CCL 2‐ CCR 2 axis as a target in cancer treatment as shown by studies in mice and humans with pharmacological agents including propagermanium.