Stability evaluation of gardenia yellow pigment in presence of different phenolic compounds

Gardenia yellow pigment (GYP) may undergo chemical degradation under different conditions resulting in color fading. This study investigated the effects of different phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tannic acid, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate) on the physical and chemical stability of GYP under light and different temperatures. Furthermore, food models with GYP/phenolic compounds were simulated to evaluate the GYP stability under different cooking methods. The addition of phenolic compounds, especially tannic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, and rosmarinic acid, significantly improved the GYP stability during light and thermal treatments. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed that the formation of hydrogen bonds between GYP and selected phenolic compounds (tannic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, and rosmarinic acid), which may lead to the enhancement of GYP stability. Moreover, these selected phenolic compounds provided potent protective effects on GYP under different cooking methods.