Vinylene carbonate–LiNO3: A hybrid additive in carbonic ester electrolytes for SEI modification on Li metal anode

Abstract A hybrid solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation additive, vinylene carbonate (VC)–LiNO 3 , was investigated in carbonic ester electrolytes. An efficiency of lithium plating/stripping as high as nearly 100% and spherical Li deposits were obtained. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results demonstrate that the modified SEI is very stable and of good conductivity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that VC–LiNO 3 dominates the surface chemistry of the Li anode. The formation of Li 3 N in the SEI contributes to the enhancement of the anode performance.