Temperature‐induced responses of xylem structure of Larix sibirica (Pinaceae) from the Russian Altay

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Xylem structure determines the hydraulic and mechanical properties of a stem, and its plasticity is fundamental for maintaining tree performance under changing conditions. Unveiling the mechanism and the range of xylem adjustment is thus necessary to anticipate climate change impacts on vegetation. METHODS: To understand the mechanistic process and the functional impact of xylem responses to warming in a cold-limited environment, we investigated the relationship between temperature and tracheid anatomy along a 312-yr tree-ring chronology of Larix sibirica trees from the Altay Mountains in Russia. KEY RESULTS: Climate-growth analyses indicated that warming favors wider earlywood cell lumen, thicker latewood walls, denser maximum latewood, and wider rings. The temperature signal of the latewood was stronger (r > 0.7) and covered a longer and more stable period (from June to August) than that of earlywood and tree-ring width. Long-term analyses indicated a diverging trend between lumen and cell wall of early- and latewood. CONCLUSIONS: Xylem anatomy appears to respond to warming temperatures. A warmer early-growing season raises water conduction capacity by increasing the number and size of earlywood tracheids. The higher-performing earlywood tracheids promote more carbon fixation of the latewood cells by incrementing the rate of assimilation when summer conditions are favorable for growth. The diverging long-term variation of lumen and cell wall in earlywood vs. latewood suggests that xylem adjustments in latewood increase mechanical integrity and support increasing tree size under the ameliorated growing conditions.