A review of modelling and simulation of hydrogen behaviour in tungsten at different scales

Tungsten (W) is considered to be one of the most promising plasma-facing materials (PFMs) for next-step fusion energy systems. However, as a PFM, W will be subjected to extremely high fluxes of low-energy hydrogen (H) isotopes, leading to retention of H isotopes and blistering in W, which will degrade the thermal and mechanical properties of W. Modelling and simulation are indispensable to understand the behaviour of H isotopes including dissolution, diffusion, accumulation and bubble formation, which can contribute directly to the design, preparation and application of W as a PFM under a fusion environment. This paper reviews the recent findings regarding the behaviour of H in W obtained via modelling and simulation at different scales.